tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80349904952643733102024-02-07T09:59:35.646+00:00Teething problemsA blog about life, the Universe and teeth.Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-1173244306867843262015-12-08T15:17:00.000+00:002015-12-08T19:43:42.343+00:00I came to quit...I came to Sheffield today and it took a record 6 hours to get here. The worst journey I've ever made north. Just horrible. But that sort of suited my objective, which was to quit my PhD. A bleak prospect, almost as bleak as torrential rain and jack-knifed lorries on the M1.<br />
<br />
But I got here and cried at my supervisor and started to feel better. She asked what I wanted to do. I don't know, I said, immediately starting to weep. And then she asked the question "Do you want to leave?"<br />
<br />
And I said... no. No, but I don't know how not to. I don't know how to finish. How do I negate my lack of time, lack of funds and declining mental health? I have to start at least part-time work. That's a given and when that happens... well, what happens to the thesis? She had no immediate answers, but she gave me a beautiful Christmas present and took me for sushi and at least briefly the wound was covered up. Which I really needed. Tomorrow and Thursday the decisions will be made.<br />
<br />
I wish it was easy to walk away from this. I dream about it. Just the other night, my brain gave me an answer to something in a dream that I could not work out whilst I was awake. Tell me how I can walk away from something like that? It's impossible to do it, it's impossible to not have regrets if I leave it behind. I'll always know that with more discipline and (well, independant wealth would help tbh) less being mental I could have been a Doctor. I could have had that University position, that path I picked at 10 years old... that just didn't work out.<br />
<br />
So, that's where I am right now. Hold on to your hats, the next entry could be explosive. Or really sad.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JcWG_3cpgqe4bKxd0iu31RGao3AxqlbbMfUYuRfvFqLmUMmKelzN7Kjw05KIvOe-2bFhmJJMBBW__7-6HouCmhclctQgV09w5zVZ3prhK7LXnzjTzfiIyXoQNoagO26aR4-SbFrCjOw/s1600/Friends19.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JcWG_3cpgqe4bKxd0iu31RGao3AxqlbbMfUYuRfvFqLmUMmKelzN7Kjw05KIvOe-2bFhmJJMBBW__7-6HouCmhclctQgV09w5zVZ3prhK7LXnzjTzfiIyXoQNoagO26aR4-SbFrCjOw/s320/Friends19.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-82595111688524348422015-10-20T21:39:00.002+01:002015-10-20T21:58:44.758+01:00Leave it, it's not worth it?<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Warning: contains mostly me. </i></div>
<br />
I suppose I should make a comment about blowing dust off this thing, since it's been a full two years since I last posted in it. The second to last post on here is about giving my PhD one last shot... which I did for a bit, then decided it was all too much and I took a 'career break' much to the chagrin of people invested in me as a PhD candidate, and I went away for a bit. (It was definitely a career break, I definitely wasn't just running away. Nope.) I wanted to see what it was like being somewhere else for a bit and see if I could heal some of the bits of me that were broken... and I suppose I did to a certain extent, so that's nice.<br />
<br />
Of course, I came back eventually and after a few weeks enjoying the UK again (it's possible, I assure you. I had a year without a roast dinner. What kind of year is that?!) and then I decided to bite the bullet and return to Sheffield full time, to my department and give the PhD one last shot. Again. That was an interesting decision, to be honest. Even after a year away I couldn't give it up! Imagine that!<br />
<br />
But sadly, I find myself having problems once again though (because life is never easy), but they are slightly different this time. Whether that's better or worse, I don't know. So, I thought I'd talk about them a bit.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDk_FSh4obNnYM-keDwsTIAxu_asiGW2ZyHnVqWTkgEe6da0jv5ixgxb764FhENfcfmrOg7lS6OnjE-cn7tWz0Yy8ooJbzvA84N6mBIzbEV2uE_jQEAaQTOJsfIXetSiYEU1W15WxKr-k/s1600/spike_sigh.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDk_FSh4obNnYM-keDwsTIAxu_asiGW2ZyHnVqWTkgEe6da0jv5ixgxb764FhENfcfmrOg7lS6OnjE-cn7tWz0Yy8ooJbzvA84N6mBIzbEV2uE_jQEAaQTOJsfIXetSiYEU1W15WxKr-k/s1600/spike_sigh.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
A few years ago, I had data collected and not a lot else. I had no good outline, no direction, a whole host of things that hadn't worked out and no idea where to start to get it all together. Now I have a plan that sort of makes sense, a direction I want to go in.., but there is <b>so much</b> to do I'm not sure it's physically possible for me to get it finished without suffering some sort of breakdown, mental or physical. Which is annoying. Because this time I think I am moving in the right direction, but I have until the end of the year to have a draft ready and man, that's hard. I'm already doing 8 - 12 hour days, 6 days a week, and I can't see how I can manage it. Particularly since, once again, I have no money and no way to support the kind of convenient life needed to undertake those kind of hours and... well, <i>it's not fair. </i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrWtvupv9XAYEycBF3RzfZeE9UKKJ-JEhfV4Ugh8FOErk7WNXkrrjETGZSxHFKIFcrPw9bJSLHNhVAR7ZMMZbVIw5A4om5jN0tRr-MNU7UuPdCSUctTLa_x7qTbi-6eQ7IPnj9R8ny-XY/s1600/not+fair.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrWtvupv9XAYEycBF3RzfZeE9UKKJ-JEhfV4Ugh8FOErk7WNXkrrjETGZSxHFKIFcrPw9bJSLHNhVAR7ZMMZbVIw5A4om5jN0tRr-MNU7UuPdCSUctTLa_x7qTbi-6eQ7IPnj9R8ny-XY/s320/not+fair.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Ultimately, I've come to realise that a PhD isn't something I am super good at, but... and here's the big thing... <b>I still want to be an osteologist</b>, I still want to dig up and analyse skeletons and I want to be good at it. I want to publish things and teach people and enjoy what I do. I want to go to different parts of this beautiful country and see new things coming out of the ground, and talk to builders about how to sex a skeleton amid raised eyebrows and cautious interest, I want to give talks to enthusiastic parishioners and clergy people who are more morbid than you might expect and all of that malarkey. But I feel like if I don't finish this thesis, that dream will die and that's such a horrible thing to think about. I came all this way and to see it vanish because I can't complete... it's heartbreaking for me.<br />
<br />
But the PhD isn't the indicator of my talents, not really. I'm good at writing reports, good at teaching and demonstrating, good with students (and if any of them contradict that, I'm not going to help them side the carpals) and I am interested in the subject... but writing 100,000 words is not a thing I am good at. Or, if I was good at it once, I lost it somewhere along with my depression and anxiety and it's not come back yet. I really want it to. I want it to turn up soon and let me get on with my life. If you need some teeth sided though, I am definitely your girl.<br />
<br />
In my less striken-by-fear-of-failure moments, I try and remind myself that I've done well regardless. From a council house in Southampton, the first of an extended family of factory workers and taxi drivers to finish school, let alone go to University, do a masters or be accepted for a PhD. I've traveled, lived in other countries, worked all over UK and have lots of achievements that look good on a CV. I just don't have that one thing that I probably need to move on with my life... but I am not the sum of my PhD woes alone, right? I have all that other stuff too and I am loved and people I love are proud of me... it would just be nice to stop living under the (rusting, in need of conservation) Sword of Damocles I've positioned above myself.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmZKvN_WLvOxIgtLqLfEW7mR570cJdt10ZYkYG8ttjE_UF08bLjLXkxIgO02aL9XDgdJhwiUmcoDuCBOudFHMBjt2YKf_sYSMFRX0RHSTLQkB4-E65M50Hwr5Yb4DeGmgEf51a_cNP_s/s1600/dontwanttogo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmZKvN_WLvOxIgtLqLfEW7mR570cJdt10ZYkYG8ttjE_UF08bLjLXkxIgO02aL9XDgdJhwiUmcoDuCBOudFHMBjt2YKf_sYSMFRX0RHSTLQkB4-E65M50Hwr5Yb4DeGmgEf51a_cNP_s/s1600/dontwanttogo.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
So, that's not really resolved anything. Advice appreciated if anyone reads this and thinks of anything. Love and affection also appreciated, always :)<br />
<br />
Harvey x<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-88964355179161324782013-06-04T22:31:00.000+01:002013-06-04T22:47:56.347+01:00A song of ice and teeth...Around 5000 years ago, a middle-aged man died in a mountain pass located in what was to become the border between Austria and Italy. He was quickly buried by ice and remained there until he was discovered in 1991. Initially thought to be the remains of a deceased mountaineer, he soon became known as Europe's earliest natural mummy, christened 'Ötzi' by his discovers.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="File:OetzitheIceman02.jpg" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/OetzitheIceman02.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="410" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>'ice to meet you. Ötzi the 'Ice Man' currently resides at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Italy</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although the remains of this remarkably well-preserved Neolithic man have been scanned, tested and analysed regularly since his discovery, it is only recently that his mouth has been systematically assessed. <br />
<br />
University of Zurich researchers have looked at high resolution 3-D scans of the 'Ice Man' and the results suggest that problems with his dental health may have added to his already long list of ailments (poor Ötzi had broken ribs, arthritis, parasitic worms, gall bladder stones and had probably died having taken an arrow to the shoulder.)<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Iceman &Ouml;tzi had bad teeth" height="320" src="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2013/icemanampoum.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="225" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>CT scan of Otzi. Note how flat the tooth line is - a sure sign of dental wear.<br />Photo courtesy of the University of Zurich.</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
His teeth were extremely worn down, from a tough and gritty diet. Dental wear isn't something a lot of modern populations have to contend with - but Ötzi had lost about two-thirds of the height of most of his teeth. This wasn't the only thing wearing him down* though. His tough diet had also contributed to some tooth chipping, caused by small stones in his food, a 'dietary accident' according to the researchers.<br />
<br />
Ötzi was found to have had at least two cavities, one of which was so extensive it had penetrated the nerve containing pulp cavity within the tooth. The team from Zurich also noted a great deal of change and loss to the bone around the tooth sockets, indicating a moderate to severe level of periodontal (gum) disease.<br />
<br />
It is not unusual to find these kind of dental conditions in such an individual. Tooth-brushing isn't thought to have been happened much in Europe in the stone age and although Ötzi was found with numerous tools and equipment - a toothbrush was, unsurprisingly, not found amongst his belongings.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
* Sorry. I couldn't resist.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">For more information, see:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eos.12037/abstract;jsessionid=234243E97FE307DEA5A30EF7477683A8.d03t03">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eos.12037/abstract;jsessionid=234243E97FE307DEA5A30EF7477683A8.d03t03</a></span><br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-9090424250605748322013-03-29T15:37:00.000+00:002013-03-29T15:45:15.559+00:00If at first you don't succeed?This is going to be a bit of a departure from the usual toothy shenanigans I tend to bring to this blog. Instead I am going to write a little bit about my PhD, inspired by a recent post by the charming but palaeontology crazed Jon Tennant over at <a href="http://blogs.egu.eu/palaeoblog/2013/03/29/panic-mode-initiated/">Green Tea & Velociraptors</a>. I have to say, his thoughts on the subject are a bit more positive than mine are going to be...<br />
<br />
I am in the fourth year of my doctoral studies. It's euphemistically called your 'writing-up' year. Of course, in my discipline you're expected to finish completely within three years - consequently, the fourth year is unfunded and mostly unsupported by your institution. Although a lot of people stray over their three year allowance, it's seen as a bit of an academic <i>faux pas</i>. It gets worse if you take longer than that of course. If you take more than four years you become spoken of in hushed tones in darkened corridors as a warning to others.<br />
<br />
I like to think of it not so much as a writing-up year, but a period of existing on very little income, caught between needing a job before you run out of rent money and finishing a thesis you despise. And yes, I do despise it. I love my subject, and I love the gubbins that a PhD entails - the teaching, the outreach, the learning and the kind of day-to-day intellectual interaction you get exposed to... but the PhD itself? I'm not so keen on that and I don't think I have been for a long, long time.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img align="top" border="0" id="comic" name="comic" src="http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive/phd042012s.gif" /> </div>
<br />
It's safe to say that my experience of undertaking a PhD has not been ideal. Just before my it kicked off, the long term relationship I was in failed epically and miserably, I quickly moved into a horrible shared house and soon after I became ill. It was a like building a castle upon a bowl of jelly - so think of this as full disclosure - it was probably never destined to work out well for me.<br />
<br />
My initial supervisor was an eminent professor and a genuinely lovely person, but unfortunately, not the kind of supervisor I needed at the time. Turns out that 'hands-off' is not the mode of supervision someone like me needed - but I wasn't really in a state to let anyone know that. So, I wandered aimlessly for a long time in the vast fields of academia, producing work of variable quality, hoping it would eventually click and I would manage to produce something of consequence.<br />
<br />
The saddest thing is that no-one noticed. I accidentally bluffed my way through every upgrade, every progress report and presentation I had to give. I have no idea how, but not a single person for two years noticed. I take full responsibility for that of course. If you don't throw your hands up whilst you drown, it's not always possible for passers-by to see you as you slip 'neath the waves.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="http://mariovittone.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/drowning.jpg" class="decoded" height="212" src="http://mariovittone.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/drowning.jpg" width="320" /></div>
<br />
In the last year, things started to change. I have a different supervisor, a better home life and my progress over the past year has been phenomenal compared to my first two - but I'm still running just to keep up. It's not fulfilling and it does not make me happy. Every word I write still feels like a struggle (ironically, it's a bit like pulling teeth), but since I am two chapters away from being able to hand in, I've decided to keep on at it. At least until summer. It's a precarious decision, but I've always been a 'regret something you did, rather than something you didn't do' kind of girl, so here goes. I have a few more months to get it together and hand the bloody thing in. Wish me luck!<br />
<br />
In an attempt to do something other than whine on the internet though, I thought I might present a few words of advice for people undertaking a PhD, just in case anything I have learnt might help. So, here goes:<br />
<ul>
<li>Money. If you want to do a PhD, please, <i>please</i>, make sure you have enough funding or other income to allow you to do it without worrying about rent and bills and how to afford shoes. I had very minimal scholarship funding, which I was very grateful for - but I thought it would get me through if I was careful with it. It didn't. </li>
<li>Support. You might be a devil-may-care rogue of a person, a lone wolf who only needs themselves - but if, like me, you are not, I suggest not doing a PhD without a good support network of family, friends and colleagues around you. Lonely nights and a lack of human conversation do not a happy worker make.</li>
<li>Seeking help. If you find yourself struggling, talk to someone, anyone in your department. I wanted to hide my situation in case they got rid of me, but it did me no favours in the end. No-one actually expects you to be infallible.</li>
<li>Be brave. If you do not have a supervisor that suits your working style or your nature (for want of a better word) and you feel like someone else might be better, change. I was told it was ' too political' to do such a thing - but fuck it. Change and find the support system <b>you </b>need. It's your PhD, not the PhD of some coffee room know-it-all.</li>
<li>Failure. I wish I had recognised a long time ago that failure has a lot of different meanings. I realise now 'dropping out', what I saw as my ultimate failure, wouldn't have been so bad to do in the first couple of years. It's actually only a failure if you make it into one. Lots of people do just fine without a doctorate :)</li>
</ul>
So, there you go. That's my doctoral experience. Lots of people have fantastic, wonderful experiences, but it's worth noting that it's not a given. If you find this because you are struggling with your studies, that's okay. You can do it! By the same measure, if you really don't want to do it any more, <i>that's fine too</i>.<br />
<br />
Do what makes you the most happy.<br />
<br />
Linzi <br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-87973960727638379062013-03-25T22:15:00.001+00:002013-03-25T22:17:04.826+00:00Thanks for the mammoth tooth!It was just another day at work for Environment Agency worker Simon McHugh when he spotted an unusual looking object sitting in a pool of water on the gravel riverbed of the River Otter in East Devon. The biodiversity technical officer, who had been assessing the extent of erosion of the river bank, recognised the 20cm long object as a tooth - but was astounded to realise he had stumbled upon a mammoth molar which could be up to 70,000 years old.<br />
<br />
Experts at the Natural History Museum have confirmed that the tooth is not only a interesting find, but a rare one too - only a handful of mammoth teeth have been found in the UK, with just two being found in Devon. In fact, this is the first find of its kind since the 1800s.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The massive molar close-up" height="176" src="http://www.sidmouthherald.co.uk/polopoly_fs/shs_mammoth_tooth_1_1_1991131%21image/2738900235.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_225/2738900235.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>A mammoth discovery - a 20cm long, upper right molar tooth.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The sizable tooth weighs in at a hefty 2.2kg - much heavier than it would have been sitting in the mouth of its original mammoth owner. This is due to the fossilisation process, which saw the tooth absorb silica or other minerals over time, slowly becoming petrified. <br />
<br />
So, after surviving Ice Ages and tens of thousands of years, what's next for the River Otter mammoth tooth? As big as it is and as tough as it looks, it firstly needs some conservation to prevent it drying out too quickly and crumbling to dust. Once it's preserved, it's destined to go on display at Exeter Museum - reminding people that once upon a time, just a few thousand years ago, beasts with<i> individual teeth as long as an iPad</i> were once numerous in southern England...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-24871892133326284842013-02-26T16:07:00.000+00:002013-02-26T16:09:54.931+00:00Indiana Jones, eat your heart out!I've just got back from a really inspiring lecture and I thought I might tell you all about it. Mostly because this is more fun than staring my thesis - but also because I desperately want to share the joy I just felt at spending a couple of hours with a world renowned archaeologist Dr Warwick Bray, Emeritus Professor of Latin American Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London.<br />
<br />
Dr Bray came to the department today to talk about his early career at the University of Sheffield archaeology department in the early 1960s and his subsequent work digging and surveying the landscape in Colombia. I knew it was going to be a great talk because we'd had to bring the slide projector out of retirement for him - and I wasn't disappointed. Right off the bat there was an anecdote about his first lecture, on the first archaeology course ever run at Sheffield, how he'd never forget it because on that morning his wife went into labour and they shared the same taxi - with him getting out at the department and her continuing to the hospital. It did teach him early on, he said, that one could give a passable lecture on something, whilst thinking about something completely different.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Warwick Bray" class="right" src="http://www.the-traveller.co.uk/Files/Core/Images/0/85_135x164.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Emeritus Professor <br />Dr Warwick Bray</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After many beautiful pictures of pottery, golden artefacts, worked Colombian landscapes and grave shafts - some of which disappeared several metres into the ground and were accessed via a bucket on a winch - we all went to the pub, as archaeologists are wont to do. Other wonderful snippets of information included how him and his colleagues were banned from a hotel in Panama for creeping into the kitchens at night to deflesh exotic roadkill and how local youths, on seeing how interested the team was in dead animals, started to bring along live ones for them. Subsequently, they had to deal with a gift of a live and angry anteater was - wrestling it into a sack and driving it 20 miles away was apparently the solution. This was truly the stuff of Indiana Jones-esque legend!<br />
<br />
At a time when funding for archaeology in the UK is diminishing in a misguided austerity measure, with universities closing departments and students picking university careers based on their money earning potential (who wants to do archaeology when you can do law?) rather than personal interest, it struck me as important to remember how exciting archaeology can be. Sure, there are a few more health and safety concerns these days, but there is still good work to be done - and if we can muster even half the energy and enthusiam of a gentleman like Bray, we'd stand a bit more of a chance of saving it.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">PS . I recommend reading <a href="http://www.archaeologybulletin.org/article/viewFile/bha.16204/149">this</a> oral-history account of Warwick Brays early career, if you're interested.</span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-74588724880740240122013-02-13T23:52:00.002+00:002013-02-14T12:21:58.352+00:00Falling out of Ivory TowersThis week I decided to throw off the shackles of writing-up my thesis and attend a free training event on the topic of 'Engaging with Non-academic Audiences' which was held at the University of York, organised by the White Rose University Consortium. Not put off by the snow, I made my way to York to attend a series of workshops about what 'impact' really is (bad terminology apparently, but more on that later) and what the practicalities of public engagement are. <br />
<br />
The talks were generally useful, good natured and informative. The first workshop was a sort of primer for why we should be engaging with wider audiences and what the research 'impact agenda'. It quickly became apparent that 'impact' isn't a word that many people feel comfortable with - some feel that it implies that the academic is presuming their own importance or that it implies that all research has to make a big splash. Impact has thus become 'engaged research' or even, for those of you who like long words 'democratising knowledge'. I suppose the idea that came across was, simply, to share your research and have meaningful fun doing it.<br />
<br />
The second workshop focussed on the practicalities of engaging with non-academic audiences, presenting lots of questions about how to engage those audiences, how to approach partner institutions (museums, galleries, community groups and so on) and how to secure funding for research undertakings. There was a lot of discussion, but I'm not sure how much practical information it really provided - a couple of case studies aside, I am no wiser on how to go about securing funding, other than turning up on the doorstep of your desired partner in research with a smile and bags of enthusiasm (maybe that is the only way). Slight misnomer aside, the session was still useful and again provided an opportunity to reiterate that there <i>should be no Ivory Towers in academia</i>.<br />
<br />
An excellent demonstration of that was the key note speaker for the day - Professor Angie Hobbs,<span class="st"> Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy</span> at the University of Sheffield. Professor Hobbs gave a Powerpoint free talk (and stressed the importance of being able to talk without it!) full of anecdotes about discussing Socrates in marketplaces and the difficulties of sounding good on the radio. She was keen to emphasise how non-academic audiences aren't stupid and should never be thought of as such - most people can understand complicated subjects, if they're explained well. Definitely something to keep in mind, I thought, as I made my way home.<br />
<br />
Given the kind of day I'd just taken part in, I was subsequently a bit surprised to overhear some other attendees on the train home talk derisively about the same kinds of community group we'd just been talking about engaging and critically... would potentially be <i>asking for money</i>. I heard them chatter about how cringe-worthy some local historic interest and re-enactment groups are - a kind of 'wouldn't be caught dead doing that' attitude. From my few seats back on the train I realised that this was why academics are still thought of as elitist and as tucked away in their far off academic towers, because at least some of them are. <i> </i><br />
<br />
<i>You </i>may not like the idea of running around at the weekend, eating 'historically inspired' food, watching people talk about the use of medieval weaponry - but you know what? Lots of people do. Lots of normal people, ordinary people, do. Have you been to an English Heritage open day, with its living history and treasure hunts, or an interactive Science Museum with lots of hands-on demonstrations? They're full of people, families and 20-something year olds enjoying things they are enabled to understand and enjoy. A public lecture has its place, but simple old-fashioned knowledge transfer is not the route of learning or enjoyment for all the people. The sooner we realise that and the sooner we stop being embarrassed by the idea of applying your research in a people friendly way, the better.<br />
<br />
It's not about dumbing down, it's about <i>explaining it well</i> and making people feel the joy you feel about a subject using a different route, for people who haven't spent 10 years reading the same books. You can innovate, change opinions, make people think of things in different ways. As a knowledgeable person with all that book learnin', you have the power and ability to do that.<br />
<br />
It's hard to do, but if I learnt anything from the tales told at the event, it's worth doing.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://gatherer.wizards.com/Handlers/Image.ashx?multiverseid=1115&type=card" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" height="262" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Out of the tower, into the open. It's magic.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-80621823582755433642013-01-15T15:47:00.000+00:002013-01-15T19:51:45.369+00:00Get me a guard and make it snappy...<a href="http://www.mercurynews.com/portal/breaking-news/ci_22347838/?source=inthenews&_loopback=1">Earlier this month</a>, a 5ft long reptile called 'Mr Teeth' was found protecting a large stash of cannabis in the home of <span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article">Assif Mayar in Oakland, California. The creature, initially thought to be an alligator was soon identified as a caiman by local veterinarians.</span></span><br />
<span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article"><br /></span></span>
<span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article">The unfortunate reptile, unexpectedly discovered in the wake of a drugs raid, has since died at Oakland Zoo. Mr Teeth had been kept in poor conditions for many years, confined to a 8-foot-by-2-foot plexiglass tank. He was originally bought by Mr Mayar to 'commemorate</span></span><span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article"> the death of rapper Tupac Shakur' in 1996, according to a police spokesperson at the Oakland Police Department. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article">As well as significant drugs charges, the caiman's ex-owner is now set to face additional animal cruelty charges in the wake of Mr Teeth's untimely death.</span></span><br />
<span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLA8biBQvZZuftpapu3hQXVfSVbJ0qy6SoElEV0K4Ab9N55s4IzTadkzopmkG6aRTCTUW4Xk7bERd-JvX0SdW8eg7HBtz84dOV_1ov6Fh4ZkP7ajlymiOB4NqTQAGJ1CQ6U04kokC6P9s/s1600/snappy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLA8biBQvZZuftpapu3hQXVfSVbJ0qy6SoElEV0K4Ab9N55s4IzTadkzopmkG6aRTCTUW4Xk7bERd-JvX0SdW8eg7HBtz84dOV_1ov6Fh4ZkP7ajlymiOB4NqTQAGJ1CQ6U04kokC6P9s/s320/snappy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mr Teeth. RIP.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="mn_Global"><span id="mn_Article"><br /></span></span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-6843341057005523932013-01-08T16:39:00.002+00:002013-01-08T16:41:00.077+00:00My, what exoskeleton crushing teeth you have!A bird with some seriously robust teeth has been <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-01/sovp-ffb010213.php">unearthed recently</a> in Liaoning province, China. The fossilised remains of <i>Sulcavis geeorum</i> are described in the January issue of the <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology </i>and show some unusual dental morphology - not only does this bird have teeth, but they're sharply pointed with distinct grooves on the inside surface.<br />
<br />
This sparrow-sized flier, which belonged to the enantiornithine group of toothed birds, lived between 121 and 125 million years ago, consuming a diet of smaller hard-shelled creatures such as insects or crabs. <br />
<br />
As rare as hen's teeth might be today, it seems that the group to which this bird belonged to were evolving new and toothy ways to exploit a variety of ecological niches - at a time when other birds were losing their dentitions. <br />
<br />
Although small, this bird and it's relatives were certainly toothsome. I like to think of them as Darwin finches with attitude...<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://media.eurekalert.org/multimedia_prod/pub/web/51365_web.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Sulcavis geeorum</i> skull, a fossil bird from the Early Cretaceous. <br />
Photo by Stephanie Abramowicz. Scale bar in mm.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-56503953352559419382012-12-05T17:27:00.000+00:002012-12-05T17:27:11.820+00:00Kissing a donkey and spitting on a frog!In the throes of agonising toothache, could you imagine kissing the teeth of a living donkey in an attempt to cure yourself? If you can't, that's understandable - but it's exactly what you would have done in the 14th century... and much more besides.<br />
<br />
The cures for toothache in the past are difficult to believe and some of them are difficult to stomach. From spitting into the mouth of frog in the hope it would take on your pain for itself to sucking on the freshly extracted tooth of a dead man, past populations would try anything to alleviate the pain of cavities and gum disease. <br />
<br />
Until the germ theory of disease was discovered in the late 19th century, how teeth became cavity ridden was a mystery. In 1890, WD Miller discovered that bacteria lived on the surface of the teeth and their acidic waste products could erode the enamel. Prior to this discovery, common lore attributed cavities to a tooth worm. The worm was a popular explanation for dental problems across the globe throughout the ages. Ancient Babylonian priests are purported to have called upon the sun god Ra to summon the worm for them so that they could banish it with a curse and medieval Europeans would try to smoke the worms out by taking in the (poisonous) fumes of henbane. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5JBE1FvOwRTr1hOnB5AgPFYvV1enpXSrwoa_whgdror0q3145hr2CT2rPkeANAHSuqefb4-JHyc0Yz7nd5HjbkaeEpiqc9ScrR-5Wnkac9H_XycmdmtN9AgwSDPzBEDK7A2AqqmCpGvI/s1600/ivory+tooth+copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" id="il_fi" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5JBE1FvOwRTr1hOnB5AgPFYvV1enpXSrwoa_whgdror0q3145hr2CT2rPkeANAHSuqefb4-JHyc0Yz7nd5HjbkaeEpiqc9ScrR-5Wnkac9H_XycmdmtN9AgwSDPzBEDK7A2AqqmCpGvI/s200/ivory+tooth+copy.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Here be monsters: tooth worms and eternal suffering.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Animals, as with many folk cures, lose out in this situation, with common traditional cures for toothache in England including: wearing a necklace made of mole paws and noses, cutting spines off a dogfish or rubbing the afflicted teeth with the burnt brain of a hare or the horn of a hart. Apparently, hare brains rubbed into the gums were also used to aid the safe eruption of infants' teeth. Lovely.<br />
<br />
Nineteenth century Americans would even bite snakes, including deadly rattlesnakes, in an attempt to get rid of their toothache. I'm pretty sure that the threat of getting bitten by a rattler would definitely take your mind off the tooth pain, so at least this one <i>might </i>have worked for a short time... <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>References:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Teeth in Folklore (1968), Jeri Tanner</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Folklore of the Teeh (1934), Leo Kanner</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Of the Teeth (1961), Byrd Howell Granger</span><br />
<br /><br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-18762661514392515042012-11-27T22:05:00.001+00:002012-11-27T22:34:33.424+00:00Wearing your teeth on your sleeve?One thing I have noticed in the last few years of my self-imposed tooth obsession, is how often teeth get used for art and decoration. On this occasion, it is the glitter encrusted pop princess <a href="http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/95577/Keha-Makes-Bra-Out-Of-Fans-Teeth">Ke$ha</a>, famous for <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iP6XpLQM2Cs">brushing her gold plated gnashers with Jack Daniels</a>, who is re-appropriating teeth.<br />
<br />
Last year the 25 year old singer put out a Twitter based request for each of her three million fans to send her some of their unwanted teeth and even provided a PO Box for them to do so. As is the way of crazed fans, she received thousands of teeth in the mail. <br />
<br />
And the reason? Frivolous accessories, of course! Ke$ha made the donated teeth into a bra-top, a headdress, necklaces and earrings. According to <a href="http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/keha/369355-keha-human-teeth-bra">this interview</a> with MTV she's even worn the outfit out, proving that not only are teeth essential to human health and wellbeing, but they're fashionable too.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="http://cdn.popdust.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sticky-Lady-Gaga-Naked-Teeth-Brushing01-659x441.jpg" class="decoded" height="214" src="http://cdn.popdust.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sticky-Lady-Gaga-Naked-Teeth-Brushing01-659x441.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Ke$ha's dentists get angry when she continues to ignore their advice to <br />stop using alcohol to brush her teeth and to start using a fluoride toothpaste.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-13725869862545048362012-09-24T12:51:00.000+01:002012-10-15T23:27:46.562+01:00Beeswax and broken teeth...Going to the dentist for a filling is generally considered to be a modern invention - but a 6500 year old jaw fragment found in Slovenia may be about to change that idea.<br />
<br />
The unassuming fragment of mandible was excavated from a cave in the early 20th century, catalogued and filed away in an Italian museum until it was reinvestigated by Claudio Tuniz and Federico Bernardini of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, who were using samples from the museum to test new x-ray imaging techniques. Once the mandible fragment had been scanned however, an unusual substance was noticed adhering to the surface of a canine tooth.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQDs3FXMhaegcOTTQi6Z4Se-MoyUTxRZ64FGVheHGYaDwihkOCInTUjW6NVZjlhQsOwLoet-jH_hQbUy6xK3pZDUd9mMp0gDOleDAyKfEx8SaiccsJnxy7pwcwKtAVRUBZP8dmHrgsnn8/s1600/journal.pone.0044904.g001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQDs3FXMhaegcOTTQi6Z4Se-MoyUTxRZ64FGVheHGYaDwihkOCInTUjW6NVZjlhQsOwLoet-jH_hQbUy6xK3pZDUd9mMp0gDOleDAyKfEx8SaiccsJnxy7pwcwKtAVRUBZP8dmHrgsnn8/s320/journal.pone.0044904.g001.png" width="296" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The Lonche Jaw; part of the lower left dental arcade <br />belonging to a 6500 year old human. Scale bar 10mm.<br />Photo from doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044904.g001</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
High resolution scans revealed a long vertical crack in the tooth and an exposed area of dentine - the material that sits beneath enamel in the tooth - with this other substance covering the occlusal (biting) surface of the tooth and filling the crack. <br />
<br />
Further tests of the filling material discovered that it was beeswax, and subsequent radiocarbon dating found that it was contemporary with the mandible. Although it is possible that the beeswax was applied just after death as part of a ritual, it seems likely that the wax was acting as a filling to numb dental pain. If this is the case, it represents one of the earliest examples of dental-palliative care. Beeswax, which can have anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties was known and used by prehistoric populations, and it is not inconceivable that this kind of dental care was at least sporadically practised.<br />
<br />
It is interesting to wonder about how many more examples of such dental care exist in museums across the globe - after all, this particular mandible fragment lay filed away for 101 years before the beeswax addition was noticed...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>References:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044904?imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044904.g001#pone.0044904-Cristiani1">Bernardini et al </a>2012 'Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth' in PLOS ONE.<br />
<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22285-oldest-dental-filling-is-found-in-a-stone-age-tooth.html">Barras, C</a> 2012 'Oldest dental filling is found in a Stone Age tooth' in New Scientist Online <br />
<br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-76039277667118782602012-08-21T15:48:00.000+01:002012-08-21T15:49:40.202+01:00Dental heath, dental care and dementiaRegularly cleaning your teeth and keeping your gums healthy could help lower your risk of succumbing to dementia later in life, according to a recent US study.<br />
<br />
Researchers at the University of California collected health data regarding the dental health and dental habits of over 5000 individuals living in a large retirement community over a period of 18 years. The participants of the study were all dementia free at the outset of
the study in 1992, and of them, around 27% were diagnosed with
dementia by 2010.<br />
<br />
The results were interesting. The individuals with teeth, who <i>did not </i>brush their teeth daily were up to 65% more likely to develop dementia than those who brushed multiple times a day - although this link was only statistically significant in women. Not visiting the dentist regularly (i.e. a lack of dental upkeep and supervision) was also associated with an increased dementia risk.<br />
<br />
Although this study is limited and does not establish an explicit causal link between dental health and dementia, it could suggest that 'retaining adequate masticatory function through regular oral hygiene and use of dentures may reduce risk of dementia' (Paganini-Hill <i>et al</i>. 2012), with further studies required to identify exactly how and why dental health and dementia are connected.<br />
<br />
There are certainly mechanisms by which such a link could exist. For example, the brains of Alzheimer sufferers have been found to contain more species of the oral <i>Treponem</i>a bacteria than the brains of control groups. This may indicate that it is partly or occasionally the inflammatory responses of the body and brain to these pathogens which are responsible for illness.<br />
<br />
In the context of the ever-ageing populations of the developed world, it's probably a good call to investigate the associations between dental and overall health - after all, keeping an elderly population in tip-top mental shape might be as simple as promoting a holistic approach to health - which includes regular tooth brushing!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Paganini-Hill, A. <i>et al</i>.</b> 2012. Dentition, Dental Health Habits, and Dementia: The Leisure World Cohort Study.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> In the <i>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</i>, Volume 60, Issue 8<span id="publicationDate">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span id="publicationDate"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04064.x/pdf">Available here.</a> </span></span><br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-8833240831920369512012-08-10T15:43:00.002+01:002012-08-10T16:07:16.299+01:00Teeth where teeth should not be...After 23 years of <a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/woman-has-two-teeth-removed-from-her-eye-1240446">abnormal swelling in her left eye</a>, Nagabhushanam Siva decided to let doctors in Chennai, southern India investigate her condition. A tumour was diagnosed and an operation was undertaken, only to reveal the presence of <i>two fully formed teeth</i> within the tumour itself. Unfortunately, the tumour had been in place for too long, placing pressure on the optic nerve and leaving it permanently damaged - thus the operation was not successful, leaving Siva blind.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuvDijluporf1D5eup9sRHG31biqPkKHy0zJ-jDK3xLKC7K-I9ODx78_kZVOt3CJlHI8OQ_ErzMgFs1S73QSY-NzMTARtgD4tfRj_I-1sH9iTG825sefwHUd45RFZCh-Iqhcn1uauSHCE/s1600/teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuvDijluporf1D5eup9sRHG31biqPkKHy0zJ-jDK3xLKC7K-I9ODx78_kZVOt3CJlHI8OQ_ErzMgFs1S73QSY-NzMTARtgD4tfRj_I-1sH9iTG825sefwHUd45RFZCh-Iqhcn1uauSHCE/s1600/teeth.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Teeth in the tumour, seen during surgery.<br />
(Cover Asia Press)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This kind of tumour is usually present from birth and is called a 'mature teratoma'*. Disturbingly, they can contain all sorts of misplaced tissue - including hair, teeth and bone. In some cases, the growth can include even more complex organs. As I discovered with not a small amount of horror that such a thing as an 'mature ovarian cystic teratoma' can exist. This is often a mass of disorganised tissue within the ovarian region, but can occasionally <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdra.10133/pdf">form into a 'homunculus'</a> with a generalised human form. In one case study from Japan, such a tumour was found to have 'Brain, eye, spinal nerve, ear, teeth, thyroid gland, bone, bone marrow, gut, trachea, blood vessels, and phallic' tissue (Kuno <i>et al.</i> 2003), arranged in a 'well organised' fashion.<br />
<br />
Although such tumours are rare, they contain skeletal and dental tissues which could very well survive in archaeological contexts. A brief search of the <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-1212">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</a> hasn't turned up any clear examples of such a condition in the past, but I think they could be out there. It's certainly something to keep in mind next time I find some teeth where teeth really shouldn't be...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">*<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoma#cite_note-pmid6540049-0"> Wikipedia</a> informs me that a benign tumour of this nature, in the UK is termed a 'mature teratoma', whilst in the US it's simply referred to as a teratoma. In the UK, a 'teratoma' or 'immature teratoma' refers to a malignant tumour.</span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-40428926284493809372012-07-30T12:25:00.003+01:002012-07-30T12:42:14.159+01:00Plaque and pollen and proteins, oh my!<div style="color: black;">
Do you often wonder what interesting things might be lurking in your mouth when you don't brush your teeth? </div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
Well, wonder no more! This very interesting interview in the Guardian with <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/jul/29/christina-warinner-archaeology-genetics-calculus">Christina Warinner</a> at the Centre for Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich discusses exactly that. Warinner talks about deposits of dental plaque (what we call dental calculus) on teeth and how 'pollen, starch grains, animal muscle, bacteria, even a person's DNA' can be found trapped within it.</div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
If you get a chance, you can watch Warinner's TED talk on YouTube (linked below), which is similarly fascinating and explains how teasing out the preserved protein and DNA from dental calculus can be used to 'investigate the relationship between disease, diet and the environment' in the past - and how that knowledge might benefit us in the future. </div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://3.gvt0.com/vi/4ZB29iq_Zd8/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/4ZB29iq_Zd8&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/4ZB29iq_Zd8&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-4032412793967798652012-07-03T14:03:00.000+01:002012-07-03T14:23:53.508+01:00A Morbid Taste For TeethPolice in Austria have recently launched a <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/9369242/Thief-robs-graves-of-Johannes-Brahms-and-Johann-Strauss.html">manhunt for a grave-robber</a> with a predilection for removing teeth and dentures from crypts and coffins in the Viennese General Cemetery.<br />
<br />
Although grave desecration is not an uncommon crime, the manner in which the perpetrator has gone about doing such a thing is a little less cloak and dagger than normal - he's apparently filmed himself opening up tombs and using pliers to remove the teeth. The composers Johann Strauss and Johannes Brahms are two of the better known victims of this not so covert dental extraction.<br />
<br />
The Belgian media have named this individual as Ondrej Jajcaj and it would appear, from a quick perusal of his <a href="http://www.facebook.com/ondrej.jajcaj?sk=photos">Facebook account</a> that they might be right. Here he is in his profile picture, with a skull on a stick and a pair of pliers.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-maSmDHbM3R1DTu3HPdcjtjpvVSm06HqzrZGhQ5dKUUf2V3xZ9josYTOb_wcZTGpUlmGJMy314mYpa2-iV89FQ4CaarbChNfxNIylbPLLQff6o7EqJT8VUlocJIPb8q1nBaGl-z-LZbI/s1600/weird+man.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-maSmDHbM3R1DTu3HPdcjtjpvVSm06HqzrZGhQ5dKUUf2V3xZ9josYTOb_wcZTGpUlmGJMy314mYpa2-iV89FQ4CaarbChNfxNIylbPLLQff6o7EqJT8VUlocJIPb8q1nBaGl-z-LZbI/s320/weird+man.jpg" width="161" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1: Ondrej Jajcaj, courtesy of his own Facebook page. <br />Yep. Totally normal.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Further examination of his profile reveals a 'miscellaneous' photo folder, similar to one that you or I might have, with the only difference being the sheer quantity of dental artefacts and human remains he has in there... (although it is nice to see that even grave-robbers have a fun side though. Look at him being adorable with that goat!)<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25vf35WmQBPk6K5l937IdAu0fTSzsz3pNY9J2sMFCJQDNLquU_RPt6nVVQ5_q9J9HrFz3cl0gy2ZGq1IvFH-3_cet3hdzgWeVSrRDNkknjLJtwXsaCCTN2lLSeqnG5Vw5HF1l0ijBxpU/s1600/more+weird+man.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25vf35WmQBPk6K5l937IdAu0fTSzsz3pNY9J2sMFCJQDNLquU_RPt6nVVQ5_q9J9HrFz3cl0gy2ZGq1IvFH-3_cet3hdzgWeVSrRDNkknjLJtwXsaCCTN2lLSeqnG5Vw5HF1l0ijBxpU/s320/more+weird+man.bmp" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2: A Facebook screen-capture. Note all the dentures and <br />dental fixtures. They're all pretty vintage, they are. <br />Wonder where they came from.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Not content with Facebook, I poked a little bit more and found his <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/asomtam?feature=watch">Youtube account</a> <span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">which features a whole host of videos that I can't possibly understand, many of which show him wandering through abandoned graveyards. The video that I found most fascinating however is the ominously titled </span><span class="hps"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_yzKi8BqEI&list=UUroAkGnEXToEeR4DQ1et-mQ&index=1&feature=plcp">'Gold treasure in the woods'</a> which has him beside a tree talking about a box of gold dentures and fillings (see below) and subsequently, fragments of actual human jaw and dental instruments. </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJDjuL43oi1kOaZ7U6sF-cJu-xr6kbNpcHuvKebVJQyYAJfHWONGSZz_KxFlUzcPZmLRE-fRtl7qSVPgX540c0fd14vNx-7tN_fM5veo_FNA7nKLKSrJ0DART6Yz2wuKsgbr5aXuBirYk/s320/gold.bmp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 3: A half buried tin of gold teeth. <br />We all have one of those, right?</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQUo3EP-hMt1zYVlmvYzmZVseDnLUhaFOB9yJoxjrOXFEDPJcctRv-xAJ_OhX0FNkUN6-k3D-nGM3DT9YjKFkZj1YVae0GImlhyobn4WFp2qAxEHIGclYMI6797-ZJtoJ9TI8hgJRZYqE/s1600/bits.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQUo3EP-hMt1zYVlmvYzmZVseDnLUhaFOB9yJoxjrOXFEDPJcctRv-xAJ_OhX0FNkUN6-k3D-nGM3DT9YjKFkZj1YVae0GImlhyobn4WFp2qAxEHIGclYMI6797-ZJtoJ9TI8hgJRZYqE/s320/bits.bmp" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 4: I wish I could speak Slovakian, just to <br />have the faintest idea what's going on here.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">On what might be his <a href="http://slobodohrobar.cz.tl/">website</a></span></span><span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps"> there is reference to how Jajcaj wants his amassed collection of historic dental prosthetics to be put in a museum - which he admits might not be easy since the prosthetics were from 'old abandoned graves that he illegally investigated.' His motivation is something to do with Slovakia being a Catholic country and how science triumphs over religion - but I'm not really sure exactly what he's getting at.</span></span><br />
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps"><br /></span></span><br />
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Jajcaj's actions are of concern. It is certainly out of the norm behaviourally - how many people regularly take topless pictures of themselves with grave-robbed spoils? But from an archaeological point of view, it is also horrible. The acts of desecration are clearly destructive, ruining the context and meaning of his 'finds'. This makes them completely pointless objects, collected for collections sake alone and at least a little for the simple gratification of an individual who thinks taking pictures like this is appropriate...</span></span><br />
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps"><br /></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2Y7sHyPiY02x4PFVgh5YFeNSZ-kLXXye5wiBzryIVMSo4XCyembhmfvLCVv1AaRfoJ51aCqdAevjKVSjNIT-MArJZ1u2jN4PAyt4iYwxz6rqjTPukdVUlMXai_Xwp69u04UWkxxUty4/s1600/more.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2Y7sHyPiY02x4PFVgh5YFeNSZ-kLXXye5wiBzryIVMSo4XCyembhmfvLCVv1AaRfoJ51aCqdAevjKVSjNIT-MArJZ1u2jN4PAyt4iYwxz6rqjTPukdVUlMXai_Xwp69u04UWkxxUty4/s320/more.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 5: So many things wrong with this picture. <br />Again, courtesy of Ondrej Jajcaj's Facebook.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">(But at least I know now that there is someone in the world more fascinated by teeth than me. Phew.)</span></span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-24782663866335857002012-06-28T10:39:00.000+01:002012-06-28T10:46:57.722+01:00Fashion, with teeth...Archaeologists working near Leipzig in Germany have uncovered what appears to be the earliest example of a purse - and not just any purse, this may have been the Chanel handbag of the Bronze Age world.<br />
<br />
Over a hundred dog teeth were found in a grave dating between 2500 and 2200 BC. The teeth were arranged closely together, in a series of neat rows. Archaeologist Susanne Friederich believes that these canine teeth were the decoration for a purse made of leather or fabric which has disintegrated over time.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a a=" " href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jaFh9Z54uR4DydxYOCcM5O19DkiR_fTcSOG9M5it-lYfqoXgFWM_wvxmSmq-_XyDqV9wWsvhtYsNe0CjlGTPWuZYuSciySpvjkTUY4R3iYS257630TUlbBQLCp1GCX4aKdhMyjwb1N0/s1600/dogteeth.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7jaFh9Z54uR4DydxYOCcM5O19DkiR_fTcSOG9M5it-lYfqoXgFWM_wvxmSmq-_XyDqV9wWsvhtYsNe0CjlGTPWuZYuSciySpvjkTUY4R3iYS257630TUlbBQLCp1GCX4aKdhMyjwb1N0/s400/dogteeth.bmp" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Dog teeth, lots of them. Item is about 25cm across.<br />(Photo courtesy of Klaus Bentele, LDA Halle, via National Geographic)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Friederich who works for the Sachsen-Anhalt State Archaeology and Preservation Office has said that 'all that's left is the teeth. They're all pointing in the same direction, so it looks a lot like a modern handbag flap'.<br />
<br />
Dog and wolf teeth are common finds in the prehistoric world, often found as pendants on necklaces or as hair decorations. It is likely that such ornamentation was rather fashionable for a time. However, to find so many teeth in one place and in such as ostentatious design is unusual. The bag would have required the teeth of dozens of dogs to make and in fact the sheer quantity of such teeth found in burial contexts in northern and central Europe in this period might suggest that dogs were kept more as 'livestock' than pets.<br />
<br />
So, I suppose this discovery really is a case of handbags at dawn... at the dawn of time, that is!*<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Sorry. The puns are getting worse. <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>References:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">National Geographic, '<a a="Î" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/06/120627-worlds-oldest-purse-dog-teeth-science-handbag-friederich/">World's Oldest Purse Found' </a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Mz-web.de, <a a="Á" href="http://www.mz-web.de/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=ksta/page&atype=ksArtikel&aid=1321007839779">Staunen pur</a></span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-42169430020866931942012-05-29T13:59:00.003+01:002012-05-29T14:01:01.548+01:00Sex, teeth and syphilis...Perusing through the British Dental Journal (BDJ) this morning, I noticed an article about syphilis (one of the more exciting sexually transmitted diseases) which I thought might be worth reading. From an osteological point of view, syphilis is one of the most interesting conditions to find in an individual because, left without treatment, it manifests in a number of horrible ways in the skeleton. The disease, caused by the <i>Treponema pallidum </i>organism eventually leads to skeletal lesions such as '<i>caries sicca</i>', the pitting and whole-scale destruction of the skull through necrosis of the bone, amongst other things.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_s49x5WCDu66oPvHXCCCaiYhy3Cezvfih1JVWbm5bpl-r3TB6uDWYxbWQUEmFr1pjSVA8_Csss8DFPhx8iN03PfFFOOsYZywDeuzHgMoyOarFbBwtRt8Zi7h_BZfcZvV6DAaG9mYRRgY/s1600/cariessicca.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_s49x5WCDu66oPvHXCCCaiYhy3Cezvfih1JVWbm5bpl-r3TB6uDWYxbWQUEmFr1pjSVA8_Csss8DFPhx8iN03PfFFOOsYZywDeuzHgMoyOarFbBwtRt8Zi7h_BZfcZvV6DAaG9mYRRgY/s320/cariessicca.bmp" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1: <i>Caries sicca</i>, the destruction of the frontal bone of the skull. <br />Image courtesy of the Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Palaeoanthropology, pp 161.</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Syphilis can also be transmitted from mother to fetus, leading to a congenital form of the disease. Although it can cause a variety of developmental problems, from an osteological and dental point of view, it is the manifestation of 'Hutchinson's teeth' that are most diagnostic. The front teeth of such individuals are deformed and notched in a peculiar way - the result of particular kinds of bacteria called spirochetes inhibiting bone formation in the developing child.<br />
<br />
So, why did the article in the BDJ inspire this blog? Mostly because it's a bit on the scary side. The cases of syphilis in the UK increased by <b>951%</b> between 1999 and 2008. Although initially curable, the disease only presents a brief lesion at first (the chancre, which can appear at the point of infection), followed by a rash and sometimes - up to 50 years later - the bone changes mentioned above. Ignoring the initial appearance of the disease is probably a bad thing to do, then.<br />
<br />
Jones <i>et al</i> (2012) discuss three case studies of the disease, pointing out that the initial presentation of the disease may occur in the oral cavity, in the form of a painful ulcer or lesion. Although the appearance will vary from one individual to the next, it can look a bit like this:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm3evhyphenhyphen1jHTeLHDhBrrqD8fIsqmzbObscijZ3kotH3iOKsQZTpkRbqoGD75QizfU_ut3CRviBPHKwRpT2Qe-VQm-fQXAPrvBmBUWPGT2jaHkKgAyCIbTK81armdmR_sfPrjs6blnLjjC0/s1600/chancre.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm3evhyphenhyphen1jHTeLHDhBrrqD8fIsqmzbObscijZ3kotH3iOKsQZTpkRbqoGD75QizfU_ut3CRviBPHKwRpT2Qe-VQm-fQXAPrvBmBUWPGT2jaHkKgAyCIbTK81armdmR_sfPrjs6blnLjjC0/s1600/chancre.bmp" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2: A syphilitic chancre on the tongue. <br />(Reprinted from the <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i> <br />without permission. Ahem.)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The article states that the 'significant increase of syphilis and its high infectivity
require the dental profession to increase their awareness of sexually
infectious diseases and the appropriate dental management' (Jones <i>et al </i>2012: 477), a useful recommendation, considering the rise in the number of cases in recent years.<br />
<br />
However, I would like to increase everyone's awareness of the really horrible things that can happen if you're not careful with your sexy times. Because as fun as things might seem at the time, having your bone become infected and rot away, sending you slowing insane, probably isn't worth it in the end. So remember:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiawZI_diDaCHWeGX3SLPq8gmoMdIrp4eR0aqekL3-OPMFiSv3WZQ2MV-lT26SdgQDVTiijwlcBe9YWLYVlA_oVvnUwyAOIMeGZorDsemCjtVbUcKX9_mVcgA43Mo04ohtt-e_CLHT-O80/s1600/syphilis-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiawZI_diDaCHWeGX3SLPq8gmoMdIrp4eR0aqekL3-OPMFiSv3WZQ2MV-lT26SdgQDVTiijwlcBe9YWLYVlA_oVvnUwyAOIMeGZorDsemCjtVbUcKX9_mVcgA43Mo04ohtt-e_CLHT-O80/s320/syphilis-copy.jpg" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 3: Yep, all of them. Including that one a few rows <br />back on the right. Especially him.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>References:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Jones et al 2012. Three cases of oral syphilis – an overview. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Available at: http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v212/n10/full/sj.bdj.2012.420.html#f2</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-33043194072868456482012-05-10T14:32:00.002+01:002012-05-10T14:33:59.939+01:00By tooth or by beak...Researchers at the University of Sheffield and King's College London have discovered that the pufferfish, a highly poisonous but silly looking tropical fish, may hold the key to how and why humans do not replace their teeth in adulthood - which may in turn lead to advances in dental treatments.<br />
<br />
Certain adult pufferfish have a parrot like 'beak' with a distinct cutting edge. This beak is formed by bands of dentine which continually grow to replace those lost through feeding. In young pufferfish, the beak is not present, instead 'first-generation' teeth develop, only to be replaced by four teeth at the front of the jaw which subsequently make-up the beak structure.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvkAduCPTXJZc5ODzd9nk5Q1v_gIUtS8JYxcBxr7Mi2cDniVZJTonNUHSXiX7nze477bC-d76vIYgha1Elv6Ra2YhyphenhyphenRTFoeAXyBe6coxZCFGTQB1Fmgi0g40JF55vb3T8a4awFZ67vzI/s1600/puffer.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvkAduCPTXJZc5ODzd9nk5Q1v_gIUtS8JYxcBxr7Mi2cDniVZJTonNUHSXiX7nze477bC-d76vIYgha1Elv6Ra2YhyphenhyphenRTFoeAXyBe6coxZCFGTQB1Fmgi0g40JF55vb3T8a4awFZ67vzI/s320/puffer.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Figure 1: A, the freshwater pufferfish, <i>Monotrete abei.</i> B, side-view </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">showing the large lips covering the beak. C & D, views of the beak itself. </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy of Fraser <i>et al </i>(2012: 2) </span></b></div>
<br />
According to Dr Gareth Fraser, who led the project, investigating the manner and mechanisms of tooth replacement is of "great interest for science... to understand the genes that govern the continued supply of
teeth and mechanisms of dental stem cell maintenance."<br />
<br />
Humans only replace their teeth once, in childhood. Unlike a shark with its many rows of teeth, or a rat with it's continually erupting ones, humans cannot replace teeth naturally. The much increased longevity of modern human populations is therefore at odds with the single set of trauma-and-disease-prone adult teeth they have. Dr Fraser believes that the knowledge could eventually be used to "facilitate advances in dental therapies" with this in mind. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>References:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fraser, GJ, Britz, A, Johanson, Z and Smith, M. 2012. Replacing the first-generation dentition in pufferfish with a unique beak. PNAS. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Available at: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/05/04/1119635109.full.pdf+html </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">University of Sheffield press release. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Available at: http://sheffield.ac.uk/mediacentre/2012/pufferfish-gareth-fraser-natural-history-museum-evolution-denistry.html</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-57099193902638145172012-03-27T12:43:00.002+01:002012-03-27T12:47:23.679+01:00Cow collagen and gum recession...Gum recession can occur for a variety of reasons, but it is typically associated with poor dental hygiene, over-brushing or mouth based piercings rubbing on the gums. When the loss of gum becomes severe, it is sometimes possible to use gum grafts and surgery to regenerate the gum line, preventing damage to the tooth or tooth root and improving the aesthetic appearance of the dentition.<br />
<br />
However, recent research may have dispensed with the need for such surgery. Researchers in Germany and Switzerland have trialled the use of bovine collagen (extracted from the fluid filled sac that surrounds the bovine heart) in humans, to repair the gums of fourteen patients. The collagen was implanted next to the tooth, held in place with surgical thread and left in place to allow the bodies own cells to repair the damage (<b>Figure 1</b>, below).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66JmA-1sx5zp02xFXUWPDRtay04jlAAi6U87UhF85mD9Ug7rgfPVH56zeGkkuc_oe_1Y2g6OnET1WQKnE4Ptx3rYn-F9dFCJshY4B3Hp3IXKBZ7w99xplOUjpFkCHQqFDyCzuC_af-SA/s1600/teeth.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66JmA-1sx5zp02xFXUWPDRtay04jlAAi6U87UhF85mD9Ug7rgfPVH56zeGkkuc_oe_1Y2g6OnET1WQKnE4Ptx3rYn-F9dFCJshY4B3Hp3IXKBZ7w99xplOUjpFkCHQqFDyCzuC_af-SA/s320/teeth.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1: Showing (A) teeth before treatment, note the multiple recessions above the teeth, (B) shows the incisions created in the gum for (C) the insertion of the collagen and finally (D) demonstrates the healed dentition at six months after intervention. (After Schlee <i> et al.</i> <i>Head & Face Medicine</i> 2012 <b>8</b>:6) </b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
The results have been promising, with the functional and aesthetic appearance of the gum-line improving in many of the patients after a period of six months - in 36 of the 62 recession lesions treated for example, full root coverage was achieved. <br />
<br />
So, as odd as it might sound, cow collagen may be the answer to gum recession for people who are unable to have corrective periodontal surgery, if longer term studies prove its staying power. Which is very moo-ving, I think you'll agree.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">(Sorry about that. It's the only cow based pun I could come up with.)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>References:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Schlee <i> et al.</i> Bovine pericardium based non-cross linked collagen matrix for successful root coverage, a clinical study in humans<i> in Head & Face Medicine</i> 2012 <b>8</b>:6 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-8-6. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Available at: http://www.head-face-med.com/content/8/1/6</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cow collagen heals gums. Available at http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v212/n6/full/sj.bdj.2012.238.html.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-85585219019165210462012-03-20T00:05:00.000+00:002012-03-20T00:05:07.353+00:00Up to your hind teeth in work? You might want to relax a bit...Most academics are aware that their career choice might not be very good for them - late nights, smoking, takeaway food and the occasional (okay, regular) few pints after seminars all contribute to a less than healthy lifestyle. However, recent research has revealed that your academic work might be making you unhealthy in new and interesting ways.<br />
<br />
Researchers in Mexico have recently identified academic stress as being a risk factor for dental caries (cavities) in students. The incidence of caries was shown to significantly increase in those students exhibiting moderate or high levels of stress. The reason for this appears to be associated with a change in the normal production of saliva. <br />
<br />
Certain hormones produced in stressful circumstances can inhibit saliva production, and it is this decrease in saliva flow that 'reduces the protective function afforded by saliva and, in consequence, increases the risk for dental decay...' (Majia-Rubalcava <i>et al</i> 2012: 1). This research is the first to correlate levels of academic stress with dental health in a statistically significant way and may be eventually useful in managing and minimising the mental and physical problems caused by stress.<br />
<br />
I'm not sure how this research might help us practically though, stress is a bit hard to avoid with teaching commitments or a thesis to write - but perhaps it's something to keep in mind the next time we're tempted to pull an all nighter, eating nothing but chocolate bars and cappuccinos to keep us going?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>References: </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cynthia Mejía-Rubalcava, Jorge Alanís-Tavira, Liliana Argueta-Figueroa and Alejandra Legorreta-Reyna. 2012. Academic stress as a risk factor for dental caries. In the<i> International Dental Journal </i>DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00103.x</span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-63568851876099637232012-01-25T16:24:00.002+00:002012-01-25T16:26:56.691+00:00Tooth and beautyThe <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0022-4537.00119/pdf">role of the media</a> in the well-being of young people in the West has been much discussed in the past few decades, with the popularity of glossy magazines and the exuberant application of Photoshop in them suggested as compounding factors in the rise of eating disorders and cosmetic surgery. <br />
<br />
However, looking through some old advertisements for dental products today I realised that not a great deal seems to have changed in the last half century or so. This Colgate toothpaste advertisement came out in 1947:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYBHGNjVqqDyQ_VWi1j3zYsCI-FG3YBBiguQVt0GxzUYoTabiIm6nZJjKasROEFX4ReF9pyUbmMWeUANwxm3v-qAMbbxLHYPKQRNoi7Gc04mCYC_pA6GGnDmztNSlEXvmudWH-SGVuQQ/s1600/colgate2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYBHGNjVqqDyQ_VWi1j3zYsCI-FG3YBBiguQVt0GxzUYoTabiIm6nZJjKasROEFX4ReF9pyUbmMWeUANwxm3v-qAMbbxLHYPKQRNoi7Gc04mCYC_pA6GGnDmztNSlEXvmudWH-SGVuQQ/s400/colgate2.jpg" width="306" /></a></div><br />
Apparently even in the 1940s, manufacturers were focussing on what sells - the fear of social exclusion and not being loved. The woman featured is destined to be alone and to be the target of hushed gossip, all because she doesn't use the right toothpaste. Compare this to any clothing, car or perfume advert on television now, which all promote an in-crowd and how a particular product can make you part of it. <br />
<br />
The reference to 'scientific tests' is quite good too, with 7 cases out of 10 of 'Oral Offence' being prevented by using Colgate Dental Cream. Sounds about as scientific as the wonderfully named 'nutrileum' and 'pentapeptides' and so on which animatedly feature in modern shampoo adverts, eh?Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-89871504849200592632012-01-06T13:39:00.004+00:002012-01-06T13:51:24.664+00:00Death by MortificationDuring the 16th and 17th centuries, plague swept through England causing huge changes to the size and make-up of the population. It was deemed necessary for the first time, to record the numbers and nature of deaths in the capital. The first record of this type commenced in London on January 1st 1564 and ended the last day of December the following year. In that time 23,630 deaths were recorded, 20,136 of which were listed as plague deaths.<br />
<br />
Cause of death continued to be recorded in subsequent years, eventually forming the '<a href="http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/feature-billsofmortality.php">London Bills of Mortality</a>', which, whilst lacking a certain medical expertise, certainly provide a good read. Look <a href="http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/downloads/generalbill.pdf">at this one</a> from 1806 / 1807. Some recognisable causes of death are present; <i>small pox</i> killed 1297 people, <i>old age </i>carried off 1424 and <i>cancer</i> 83 for example.<br />
<br />
However, there are a few odd and unusual ones worth mentioning. <i>Mortification</i> (the death of part of the body, probably in the manner of gangrene) did away with 210 individuals, whilst the <i>Rising of the Lights</i> (a spookier sounding condition there is not) killed one unlucky Londoner. <i>Saint Vitus's Dance</i>, an infectious disease causing jerky movements, also killed a single person. Four unfortunate people were apparently <i>Frighted</i> to death. <br />
<br />
Of interest to me (of course) are the deaths attributed to '<i>Teeth</i>', which amounted to 322 in 1806. Teeth were therefore the tenth most common cause of death that year. In other years 'teeth' made it to the fifth or sixth most common cause of death with hundreds dying from infections originating from abscesses and advanced gum disease. If we compare this to the modern day, deaths from tooth based infections are very rare - just eight people in the UK had dental related deaths in 2005. Oddly though, that's four more than were killed by some kind of unspecified '<i>Evil</i>' two hundred years earlier... <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHJJljfTE5ld8frHaQ_NLtf1f1IHbDrstEaa_Xj0mxDjsLP4gcYuA67lvfXHoWB2qN_g0MvmOr6ejL3kLvPLP7CXAU2rhMlq6QZ4F3MMqOgz_tR-JuA8vQdy5lqjBvPtCjbT4a_x3bnU/s1600/bill+of+mortality+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHJJljfTE5ld8frHaQ_NLtf1f1IHbDrstEaa_Xj0mxDjsLP4gcYuA67lvfXHoWB2qN_g0MvmOr6ejL3kLvPLP7CXAU2rhMlq6QZ4F3MMqOgz_tR-JuA8vQdy5lqjBvPtCjbT4a_x3bnU/s320/bill+of+mortality+1.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-82606869735132599402011-12-19T10:59:00.000+00:002011-12-19T10:59:26.227+00:00False Flush teeth...Severn Trent Water has posted pictures of <a href="http://www.stwater.co.uk/nominate-your-gnashers">nine sets of false teeth</a> on their website in an attempt to reunite them with their previous owners. Recovered from a sewage processing site in Shrewsbury, it seems unlikely that many will apply to reclaim them - but Severn Trent is hoping that some people out there will email in and 'nominate their gnashers'.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4RRnJ2OrzUPa4UDTiqJ3Tg8rQzpfszilenvuBOO_fdbpzKgmia_SU2x4VDBK7S6YCiUTTg4z7JRm83zdpWnBjI8NSG2w3US4pc9ZBxmOq_uXmj3mcD2IqUeCxxCIbjxyyaLFvtz3buY/s1600/dentures.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid4RRnJ2OrzUPa4UDTiqJ3Tg8rQzpfszilenvuBOO_fdbpzKgmia_SU2x4VDBK7S6YCiUTTg4z7JRm83zdpWnBjI8NSG2w3US4pc9ZBxmOq_uXmj3mcD2IqUeCxxCIbjxyyaLFvtz3buY/s320/dentures.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unusual suspects: Erroneously discarded dentures (Photo courtesy of Severn Trent Water)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>This unusual festive campaign is part of a drive to stop and make people think about what they discard down sinks and toilets. False teeth are just one of the inappropriate objects found in the sewage system which run the risk of blocking drains and causing flooding. Severn Trent spend over <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-16230691">£10 million</a> every year cleaning sewers and clearing blockages - but by showcasing these dentures, they're hoping to raise awareness of the issue - finally getting to the root of the problem!Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8034990495264373310.post-2823554509024178682011-12-12T13:36:00.002+00:002011-12-12T14:25:16.308+00:00Art is tooth...The creators of an <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16069220">art-science sculpture</a>, designed to stimulate debate about stem cell research, have been putting out a call for milk tooth donations from school children across the UK.<br />
<br />
The two metre long clear crystal resin sculpture is to be encrusted with the milk teeth of thousands of children, who are being persuaded to part with them on the understanding that a 'tooth token' or letter of explanation will suffice for the traditional financial reimbursement from a visiting tooth fairy.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtM3sFxzVng63e1RciN1uAcuFTu9Rh75fM990QrCzaiRFxygDboXXU7u8HXnmYePhvZY7TQf1-VNtIxvaVg9uhILdW7lvOxI_nLSxJV24Y3C9NJD8h0lWg1H6BJK8g3SkYpGhzEHDv2KM/s1600/tooth2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtM3sFxzVng63e1RciN1uAcuFTu9Rh75fM990QrCzaiRFxygDboXXU7u8HXnmYePhvZY7TQf1-VNtIxvaVg9uhILdW7lvOxI_nLSxJV24Y3C9NJD8h0lWg1H6BJK8g3SkYpGhzEHDv2KM/s320/tooth2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The crystal resin 'palace' prior to tooth encrustation (Photo courtesy of the BBC)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
The project, called <a href="http://palaces.org.uk/donate-your-tooth/">PALACES</a>, is a collaboration between artist Gina Czarnecki and Professor Sara Rankin (Imperial College London). It hopes to create a wider understanding about how stem cells within dental pulp (the squishy bit inside your tooth) and other 'discarded body parts' such as umbilical cords or fat from liposuction could be ethically used for regenerative and therapeutic clinical purposes.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHOm4tqgIKSdbpH1g1d-toXPuy8_l4h5FK6wBd5J-Y2dlOAIUx_JUsAch-KmkR08TxNF9jKI4UxCcaodEQY6r_lZHEPSyMdP2OdcmroWT7SmWnzBKBZTtDPywvELHaQWSUuh59tjDVGnI/s1600/tooth1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHOm4tqgIKSdbpH1g1d-toXPuy8_l4h5FK6wBd5J-Y2dlOAIUx_JUsAch-KmkR08TxNF9jKI4UxCcaodEQY6r_lZHEPSyMdP2OdcmroWT7SmWnzBKBZTtDPywvELHaQWSUuh59tjDVGnI/s320/tooth1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A close-up of the baby teeth, the first few of thousands! (Photo courtesy of the BBC)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
If you know anyone - probably around the age of seven - who would like to be involved and send in their milk teeth, go to <a href="http://palaces.org.uk/donate-your-tooth/">this page</a> here to download a form to do so. The sculpture will go on display at science events and exhibitions throughout 2012.<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;"><b><br />
</b></span>Teething problemshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11063644669539964356noreply@blogger.com0